{"id":6165,"date":"2024-12-21T23:51:07","date_gmt":"2024-12-21T21:51:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/roumen.gr\/mortar\/"},"modified":"2024-12-21T23:51:07","modified_gmt":"2024-12-21T21:51:07","slug":"mortar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roumen.gr\/en\/mortar\/","title":{"rendered":"Mortar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Mortar<\/b> is a mixture used in construction for bonding building materials, such as bricks or stones. Its role is to fill the gaps between building materials. <\/p>\n<p>Most consist of sand, water, and a binder (e.g., cement, lime).<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<p id=\"\u0395\u03af\u03b4\u03b7_\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\"><span id=\".CE.95.CE.AF.CE.B4.CE.B7_.CE.BA.CE.BF.CE.BD.CE.B9.CE.B1.CE.BC.CE.AC.CF.84.CF.89.CE.BD\"><\/span><strong>Types of Mortars<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Mortars are divided into:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hydraulic mortars are those that harden with the action of water (e.g., cement)<\/li>\n<li>Air-hardening mortars are those that harden with the action of air (e.g., construction mud)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<header class=\"mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar\">\n<h2 id=\"firstHeading\" class=\"firstHeading mw-first-heading\"><span class=\"mw-page-title-main\">Cement<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"vector-column-end\">\n<div class=\"vector-sticky-pinned-container\">\n<nav class=\"vector-appearance-landmark\" aria-label=\"\u0395\u03bc\u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\">\n<div id=\"vector-appearance-pinned-container\" class=\"vector-pinned-container\">\n<div id=\"vector-appearance\" class=\"vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element\">\n<div id=\"skin-client-prefs-skin-theme\" class=\"mw-portlet mw-portlet-skin-client-prefs-skin-theme vector-menu\">\n<div class=\"vector-menu-content\">\n<div class=\"\">\n<form>\n<div class=\"cdx-radio\"><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><b style=\"font-style: inherit;\">Cement<\/b><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"> is a hydraulic binder. That is, it is a finely divided inorganic material (powder) which, when mixed with water, forms a viscous paste that gradually solidifies through hydration reactions and processes.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/nav>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"bodyContent\" class=\"vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer\" aria-labelledby=\"firstHeading\" data-mw-ve-target-container=\"\">\n<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-body-content\">\n<div class=\"mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"el\">\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h3 id=\"\u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2\"><span id=\".CE.9F.CF.81.CE.B9.CF.83.CE.BC.CF.8C.CF.82\"><\/span>Definition<\/h3>\n<p>The term cement refers to the binding powder, usually before mixing with water, without other inert additives such as sand and gravel. Whereas <a title=\"Concrete\" href=\"https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1\">concrete<\/a> refers to the mixture of cement with a quantity of other inert materials. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The chemical reaction of cement with water (cement hydration) produces products that have setting and hardening characteristics. The primary use of cement is in its reaction with water. <\/p>\n<p>It has been experimentally proven that the more cement (up to a certain limit, of course) contained in a unit volume of concrete, provided that other factors (quality and granulometric composition of aggregates, water quantity, placement and compaction method, etc.) remain constant, the greater the strength the concrete exhibits. Naturally, this increase in strength is not unlimited but stops at the strength of the least resistant material in the concrete. <\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h3 id=\"\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2_\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc_\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae_\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7\"><span id=\".CE.9A.CE.B1.CF.84.CE.B7.CE.B3.CE.BF.CF.81.CE.AF.CE.B5.CF.82_.CE.B1.CF.80.CF.8C_.CF.87.CE.B7.CE.BC.CE.B9.CE.BA.CE.AE_.CE.AC.CF.80.CE.BF.CF.88.CE.B7\"><\/span>Categories from a chemical perspective<\/h3>\n<p>Depending on their composition, grinding degree, and additives, cements are classified into various types and strength categories.<\/p>\n<p>According to the Greek cement regulation (EN 196-1), cements are divided into the following types:<\/p>\n<p>By composition into:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Type I (Portland Cement) Characterized by cements derived from the grinding of clinker with the addition of 2-3% gypsum and 3% filler &lt;by weight.<\/li>\n<li>Type II (Portland Cement with pozzolans) Characterized by cements containing pozzolans. The insoluble residue amounts to 20% by weight.<\/li>\n<li>Type III (Pozzolanic Portland Cements) Contain pozzolan in a higher percentage than those of Type II. The insoluble residue amounts to 20-40%. They exhibit lower heat of hydration and are suitable for massive projects (e.g., PPC spillways, dams, etc.)  <\/li>\n<li>Type IV (SR) (Sulfate-Resistant Portland Cement) Do not contain pozzolans, but tricalcium aluminate (Ca<sub>3<\/sub>A) must be less than 3.5% and the sulfur trioxide (SO<sub>3<\/sub>) content must not exceed 2.5%. It is used in the preparation of concrete for structures located in highly corrosive environments (e.g., biological treatment units, sewage pipes). <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h3 id=\"\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2_\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc_\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b7_\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2\"><span id=\".CE.9A.CE.B1.CF.84.CE.B7.CE.B3.CE.BF.CF.81.CE.AF.CE.B5.CF.82_.CE.B1.CF.80.CF.8C_.CE.AC.CF.80.CE.BF.CF.88.CE.B7_.CE.B1.CE.BD.CF.84.CE.BF.CF.87.CE.AE.CF.82\"><\/span>Categories by strength<\/h3>\n<p>By strength into the following categories:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Category 35 (with 28-day compressive strength from 25-45 MPa)<\/li>\n<li>Category 45 (with 28-day compressive strength from 35-55 MPa)<\/li>\n<li>Category 55 (with 28-day compressive strength above 45 MPa)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Theoretically, there would be 27 types of cement. However, fewer types are produced in Greece because not all combinations are practically feasible or necessary in practice. For example, a pozzolanic cement (Type III) would require excessive fineness to achieve a strength of 55 or even 45 MPa.<\/p>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">\n<h3 id=\"\u0399\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2_\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\"><span id=\".CE.99.CE.B4.CE.B9.CF.8C.CF.84.CE.B7.CF.84.CE.B5.CF.82_.CF.84.CF.83.CE.B9.CE.BC.CE.B5.CE.BD.CF.84.CE.BF.CF.80.CE.BF.CE.BB.CF.84.CE.BF.CF.8D\"><\/span>Properties of Cement Paste<\/h3>\n<p>A primary property of cement paste in plastic form, the reduction of fluidity, is related to the phenomenon of reduced <span class=\"inlineerror\" title=\"Ambiguous sentence. Clarification required\">slump<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>It is noted that the plasticity of cement paste is due to free water, the gradual loss of which, due to initial hydration reactions, its adsorption on the surfaces of minimally crystalline hydration products (such as ettringite and C-H-S), and evaporation, causes a reduction in fluidity, and ultimately setting and hardening. A second property is setting, which means the solidification of the plastic cement paste. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">The initial solidification is called initial setting (or beginning of setting) and coincides chronologically with the point at which the cement paste ceases to be workable.<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">The final stage of solidification is called final setting.<\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">The initial and final setting times are approximately 2-4 hours and 5-8 hours, respectively, and are determined with the Vicat apparatus, according to standard EN 196-3. This apparatus measures the resistance of cement paste of a defined fluidity to the penetration of a standardized needle weighing 300 g. Initial setting is considered (arbitrarily) to have occurred when the penetration into a 40 mm thick layer of cement paste reaches 35 mm. <\/div>\n<div class=\"mw-heading mw-heading2\">Final setting is identified with the moment in time when the needle marks the upper surface of the layer without penetrating it. A third property is hardening, which is related to the phenomenon of increasing strength over time due to the gradual filling of the cement paste&#8217;s pores with hydration products. <sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mortar is a mixture used in construction for bonding building materials, such as bricks or stones. Its role is to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[130],"class_list":["post-6165","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-choris-katigoria","tag-mortar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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